Keywords: Research and development in CR, R&D organizations, R&D employees, financial means for R&D, R&D outputs, universities, tools for managing R&D organizations, evaluation of the Czech R&D

This study deals with evaluation of the possibilities of realization of the Czech R&D under the conditions of the 21^st century that is characterized by global competitiveness of individuals, organizations and state bodies. Under these conditions, the national research and development (R&D) face new tasks and its existence is based on realization of the R&D results in the system of national and regional economies. The solution of tasks defined in this way places increased demands on management of R&D organizations, including all the three management components.

The study aims at emphasizing the factors that predominate in either a successful solution, or in a failure. The Czech R&D has so far disregarded these factors and has not employed tools suitable for solution of the tasks. The research is not oriented, the numbers of employees in the government sector of R&D are not in a proper relation to the other sectors, the financial sources are scattered. The state does not require accounting of the output in relation to the financial support provided and thus R&D organizations can stay in positions that have not changed for decades. It is shown that the absence of a SWOT analysis and of a marketing approach does not permit elaboration of a strategic vision of an organization and leads to survival of unproductive fields.

The R&D development is demonstrated from the points of view of the number of employees and of financial coverage. The Czech R&D consisted in 2004 of 28.765 (FTE) employees and 35.083 billion CZK (GERD), of which 14.664 billion CZK, i.e., 0.53% GNP, was the contribution by the state. The Czech R&D is divided into three groups, namely, the enterprise sector (15.064 employees and 22.344 billion CZK), the state sector (7.422 employees and 7.425 billion CZK) and the university sector (6.104 employees and 5.181 billion CZK). The numbers of employees and the financial means for R&D continuously increase since 1998.

An important component of the Czech R&D are universities. The irresponsible and wasteful approach of the state leads to inflationary increase of some study programmes, especially those of PhD study that attained 8.4% of all the students. This high percentage is reflected both in direct costs of study, and in impossibility of finding adequate jobs for the graduates and in additional costs of their requalifying. The low number of students of technical and natural science fields (four times fewer than in France) is reflected in a low EIS evaluation of the innovation potential of the Czech Republic.

The results of the Czech R&D are very weak and expensive on international comparison. The study analyzes a number of indicators of the R&D output, e.g., the number of patent applications and patents granted, the numbers of publications and the relative citation indices of the fields, participation in internal cooperation, etc The results attained are deep under the EU-15 average. The reflection of the results of the Czech R&D in the national economy is also very low. The export of High-Tech products is lower than one half of the EU-15 average, the financial volume of licenses purchased is five times greater (5.759 billion CZK in 2004) than that of the domestic licenses sold. The government and university R&D organizations have not paid attention to realization of the own R&D results. The absence of TTO/TLO then leads to non-existence of Hi-Tech spin-off and start-up enterprises.

The present study deals with approaches and tools that may lead to a change in the internal state of the Czech R&D organizations and in their becoming successful in the EU. They primarily involve tools of directing R&D organizations, their management, strategy and coworkers, the road to accounting for the output, marketing and its rules and capitalization of the results of academic research. When these impulses are considered by both the participants in the development of the national R&D, i.e., by the state and the R&D organizations, then the Czech R&D will be successful in the EU framework, and vice versa.